(Case Study At The Eleventh Grade Students Of SMK
PGRI 2 Cimahi In The Academic Year 2012/2013)
1.
The Background of Research
Education is an
inseparable need from the human’s life. It can be acquired formally from the
elementary school to tertiary level. It has important rule in human’s life. The
quality of human’s depends on the level of the education. With regards to
language education, English is one important subject that has to be taught to
the students.
Language may
refer either to the specifically human capacity for acquiring and using
complex systems of communication, or to a specific
instance of such a system of complex communication. According to
Brown, H. Douglas (2007:384), language is a systematic means of communicating
ideas or feelings by the use of conventionalized signs, sounds, gestures, or
marks having understood meanings.
Language is
a complex, specialized skill, which develops in the
child spontaneously, without conscious effort or formal instruction, is
deployed without awareness of its underlying logic, is qualitatively the same
in every individual, and is distinct from more general abilities to process
information or behave intelligently. (The language Instinct, 1994:6)
English as a foreign
language in Indonesian attempts to increase the students’ ability in English in
order that they can use it better. As an evidence of this statement, almost all
curriculums insert as a main object. Indonesian government has been aware of
the important of English. It has been realized that English plays very
important roles in international communication. Having good ability in English
nowadays may give an opportunity to get a good job.
Previously, people
conceived that language in daily life is spoken. Certainly, it is a reality
that spoken dominated the communication activity in any field for a long time.
It has been stated by Ann Galloway (1993:2) that the students need to learn how
to communicate using appropriate social language, gestures or expressions in
order to have real communication in the classroom and also they get an
opportunity to communicate freely.
In our modern world
today written communication plays more important roles. For one example, it is
quite easy for us today to get newspaper, magazines, or book and other printed
materials that we can read. Similarly, we need to communicate through letters,
for example simply our experiences in our diaries. This truly indicates that
writing skill is an important aspect to be developed if we want to gain more
advantage from written language.
The important of writing
is used by educated man to record to make notes, to convince other people, to
tell some worthwhile information or influence other people to believe what the
writer himself believes. This communication process cannot be done successfully
unless people know how to arrange their opinions, thoughts, and then express
them clearly in a good organization and sentence structure (Morsey in Tarigan
1986: 4).
The main function of
writing is as a means of indirect communication.
Writing is important for
language learners because it can train them to think critically and creatively.
The process of writing in this sense will help the students to learn more about
their own feeling and about their personal reaction to the life around them.
Through their writing experiences, the students’ creative expressions can be enriched
and grammar can be reinforced (Byrne, 1979:7). Through writing the students can
enrich their vocabulary, and understand structure as well, it can develop their
knowledge of English.
In this case, the
students are not only able to understand the structure or grammar in a context
but should be able to interpret the meaning of the context and also to express
the idea through oral communication and written media.
The main point of writer
is students should be able to communicate their mind and feeling through
writing skill. To acquire proficiency in writing, the students should be able
to understand both grammar and structure of the language. Considering the
importance of English structure especially the direct and indirect speech, the
writer intends to investigate “a structure about the use of direct and indirect
speech in the students’ writing”.
2.
Theoretical Foundation
a.
The Concept of Writing in the Direct and Indirect Speech
Communication competence
can be called as language competence because in communication we use language
as a basic component. Therefore communicative competence can be divided into
four skills based on the level of language competence, and writing competence.
Those four skills have
closed relationship to support a good communicative competence. Therefore as a
consequence of mastering those four skills we can master the communicative
competence better. Those skills we learn through chronological process. It
means that we start to learn listening competence when we were childhood and
followed by writing competence.
The last language skill,
which is encountered by a child in her or his language development, is writing.
it is closely related to reading skill and it is used for indirect
communication. like the other language skill, writing is seen as developmental
process. this statement means that the requires amount of experiences, and
items (Tarigan, 1986:3).
Written language is
different from oral language. A written language is basically a representation
of spoken. Thus, language exists in two forms. the diffusion is merely based on
two forms both in spoken and in written form (Harris, 1984:9)
In speech the speakers
can rephrase what they are saying and they can speed up or slow down. This will
often get feedback from the listener who will show through gestures, expression
and interruptions that they do not understand. Whereas in writing, the writer
cannot get immediate feedback from the reader and sometimes getting no feedback
at all. The reader has to understand what has been written without asking for
clarification of relying on the writers tone of voice or expression (harmer:
53) on the other hand, not all of interaction process is done through speaking.
the language users need to write their idea on a piece of paper. For
examples,
a.
The importance of writing for the students
b.
The definition of the study
Direct speech is direct
words which said by speakers. direct sentence consists of two parts, they are
reporting verb and reported words.
Example:
At the sentence example
above, becoming reported verb is “says”, and becoming words are “I go to school
every day”. These are some matters which must be gave attention to speech
forms:
1. In general direct
sentence between reporting verb with reported words dissociated by comma (,).
2. Reported words in
direct sentence written in quotation marks.
3. Reporting verb can be
referred as also reporting sentence, while reported words can be referred by
reported speech or reported sentence.
4. The reporting verb
situations do not have to reside in early sentence, but earning also final
reporting verb sentence.
Example:
If in subject active
sentence represent personal pronoun for example he, she, it, etc, hence when
dietician behind, the subject of dietician after reported words (first of
sentence example) without experiencing of formation and form. If in active
sentence the subject represent is proper noun for example billy, George, tracy,
etc, hence when dietician behind, the subject located in final of sentence
(second of sentence example) without experiencing of transformation. Indirect speech
is sentence said to submit statement of someone to other.
Example:
There are some matters
which must be paid attention in this indirect sentence:
a.
In indirect sentence between reporting verb and reporting words
its connective by conjunction.
b.
In quotation mark indirect speech do not be utilized.
The pursuant to reported
sentence type, direct and indirect sentence can be divided into three types:
1. Statement
In general reporting
verb uses: say, tell and ask
a.
If reporting verb in simple present tense, the reported
speech do not have a tense change in indirect speech but its pronoun.
3.
Research Question
As any other
investigation the problem of the study absolutely needs to be answered. The
problems dealing with this study are stated as follows:
1.
What kinds of error the students do in the
direct and indirect speech?
2.
What factors influencing those errors made by
the students ?
4.
The
aim of the research
1.
To find out what kind of errors made by the
students.
2.
To find out the factors influencing such
errors.
5.
The Benefit of Research
The result of the study
is expected to bring some significance and contribution in teaching and
learning English as follows:
a) For English Teacher
The result of this
research is expected to be useful for the teachers. The teacher can understand
of problem the student especially in writing of grammar
b) For Researcher
It can give an experience in teaching grammar and also can
understand of the student’s problem in learning grammar especially direct and
indirect speech
c) For The Students
It can give input to
improve their ability and competence in learning grammar. The students will
also learn how to write correctly when learning direct and indirect speech.
6.
The Research of Methodology
a.
The Research Design
Since
the research aimed at improvement, the most appropriate method develop for this
study is thus an action based classroom research method. An action based
classroom research is actually a small-scale intervention to the real world and
detail examination of the result of the intervention (Madya, 1994:67).
There
are four steps in each cycle namely planning, action, observation and
reflection. In the planning, the research is supposed to plan all the things
required for a successful research. The planning itself should be flexible and
future oriented. To carry the planning out, an action need in line to the
planning, then the observation need also to be carried out in order to record
the effect of the action. The result of the observation could be further
applied in concluding a reflection. The reflection is intended to analyze the
action on the basis of the result of the observation. As an addition, it was
through reflection the research could decide whether to stop or continue the
research.
In
this research, two cycles will be carried out in which each cycle will be
completed in three sessions. Before the first cycle is implemented, the
researcher conduct pre observation and pre reflection. In the pre observation,
the researcher conduct a diagnostic test for the students in order to know
specific problem faced by them. While in the pre reflection, the activity is
conducted through an interview to the students, and by implementing
questionnaire in order to know the specific reason of the problem faced by the
students.
Research
design is based on logic and common sense. This research design in this study
is qualitative. According to Slavin
(1992:65) says “Qualitative research is intended to explore important social
phenomena by immersing the investigator in the situation for extended periods.
The same thing also expressed by Prof. Dr. Sugiyono (2013:1):A method of research is
qualitative research methods used to particularize in the dust, (as its
opponent that is an experiment) where researchers is key, as an instrument
engineering data done in triangulation (combined ) inductive, data analysis is
results is emphasized on a qualitative of
generalization
Based two definition of Qualitative research the writer can
conclude that the method of qualitative research is done intensive, the
researcher follow to long participate in the object of research, and write down
carefully what happen is, do reflective analysis to some document which found
in location and make research report detail. Qualitative research, seek
primarily to describe a situation as it is, without formal testing or
hypothesis, and and it makes little or no use of numbers but rather focuses on
“thick description”. According to Nunan and Bailey
(2009:25) “the overall purpose of a
survey is to obtain a snapshot of conditions, attitudes, and/or events of an
entire population at a single point in time by collecting data from a sample
drawn from that population”.
Relevant to the purpose and research question above, survey study
design will be employed to capture the details about Reducing Students’ anxiety
to speak English. Survey study involves systematically gathering enough
information about a particular person, social setting, event, to permit the
research to effectively understand how the subject operate and how the subject
solve the problem.
This is a descriptive quantitative design. It is
called descriptive because the research tries to describe about the ability in
using English intonation of the second semester students of English Department
of SMK PGRI 2 Cimahi academic year 2012/2013 According to McMillan and
Schumacher in their book “Research in Education”, they said, Research using a
descriptive design simply describes an existing phenomenon by using numbers to
characterize individuals or a group (1997: 37). It is also called quantitative
because the data obtained from the test result done by the students. Gay et.
al. state in their book “Educational Research”, Quantitative is the collection
and analysis of numerical data to describe, explain, predict, or control
phenomena of interest. (2009:7 Describing how is the ability in using English
intonation of the second semester student of English Department of SMK PGRI 2
Cimahi academic year 2012/2013
b.
The Subject of The Research
1)
The Population of The Research
The
population in this research is the students of student’s SMK
PGRI 2 Ciamhi especially all students of second semester. According to
McMillan and Schumacher in their book “Research in Education” they said, A
Population is a group of elements or cases, whether individuals, objects, or
events, that confirm to specific criteria and to which we intend to generalize
the results of the research (1997:164)
The population of the
study is the four classes of the second year pupils of SMK PGRI 2 Cimahi in the
school year of 2012/2013. Population as states by Arikunto (1998: 115) that the
whole of the subject research is called population research. It is in line with
Encyclopedia of Educational Evaluation and he (1998: 115) states that: a
population is a set (or collection) of all elements possessing one or more attribute
of interest. And according to Prof. Dr. Sugiyono (2013: 49) says that: “population
is defined as an area consisting of a generalization: the object / subject that
have certain qualities and characteristics are determined by researchers to
study and drawn conclusions”.
Based on the last
definition about the population, the writer can be taken the conclusion that
the subject of all the study is all of the pupils which have the same
characteristics and will be investigated through this research. The population
of this study is all of the pupils at fifth year student that is divided into
two groups: AP1, AP2, AK1, FAR, PM.
Table 3.1. The members
of population of the study
|
Class
|
Pupils
|
Total
|
|
AP 1
|
38
|
197
|
|
AP 2
|
38
|
|
|
AK1
|
38
|
|
|
FAR
|
43
|
|
|
PM
|
40
|
2)
The
Sample of The Research
Sampling is a way to
take an object of research that we are going to investigate and it consists of
a certain number of individuals that represent the large number (Netra,
1974:23). In relation to the number of the sample, there are two possibilities
or tendencies, which are commonly applied by a researcher. First, it may
investigate, only a part, of the population in order to make easy and help the
researcher in conducting a research (Arikunto, 1986:107)
The number of population
in this study is more than a hundred; it is suggested take 10%-15%, or 20%-25%
(Arikunto, 1986:107). This number is representative enough for the research. In
this case, the writer could take 25% of the population of the study; it means
that from 197 students the writer takes 38 students as a sample of the study.
c.
The
Object of Research
To obtain the data
needed in this research, the researcher tries to investigate the object by
applying “testing and triangulation mode”. Testing mode means that the
researcher deliver a test “using direct and indirect speech in writing”. It is
aimed to collect the real data resources about the students in second year
students of SMK PGRI 2 Cimahi in using direct and indirect speech in writing.
And also the research use triangulation mode for getting the data, in the
triangulation mode it has a characteristic to combine some collecting data and
the same data source. In the triangulation mode Susan Stainback (1998) say
that: the aim is not to determine the truth about some social phenomenon,
rather the purpose of triangulation is to increase one’s understanding of
whatever is being investigated”
In this case, the students are demanded to
write at least a hundred words by putting some kinds of direct and indirect
speech in sentences. The students can write the paragraph based on the topics:
1.
Telling about your friend to your sister or brother.
2.
Give the students other narrative story and the students have to
identify direct and indirect speech from the story.
d.
The
Data Analysis
In problem of this
research is about the analysis of students’ error dealing direct and indirect
speech. To know the difficulties the researcher can describe the data
analytically. Relate to this research there are some procedures was suggested
by Brown (1980: 167) as follows:
1)
Identifying the students’ ability in using direct and indirect speech
in writing.
2)
Finding out the students’ problems.
3)
The analysis on the students’ ability can follow the following
steps:
a.
Giving score to the students answer
The students are
demanded to use direct and indirect speech at least 10 direct and indirect speech
in writing. Each students correct use will be given score one (1).
b.
Counting the students score.
Counting the students
score quantitatively. In the same explanation was suggested by Arikunto (1986:
134) said that after the data was collected the writer ma analysis it through
quantitative and qualitative. to analyze the data qualitatively can
be done by describing words and sentences in paragraph. and to analysis the data quantitatively can be conducted by
using scale (seven intervals) as standard values and also use the basic
statistic formula, to find the mean score in using this following formula::
Formula of
finding mean score from all the students is:Note :
Х : The mean or arithmetic average of the scores
Σx : The sum of all the scores
n : Number of subjects in a particular group
(Gay et. al., 2009:307)
The scale (seven interval) used in this research is to classify the students score in each level, there are seven scales (intervals) as follows:
a.
9.6-10 is classified as excellent
b.
8.9-9.5 is classified as very good
c.
7.6-8.5 is classified as good
d.
6.6-7.5 is classified as fairly good
e.
5.6-6.5 is classified as fair
f.
3.6-5.5 is classified as poor
g.
0.0-3.5 is classified as very poor
1.7 The Terms Clarification
a.
Direct Speech is a speaker actual
word or the use of these in writing (Hornby, 1998:326).
b.
Indirect Speech is (grammar) a report
of what somebody has said which does not reproduce their exact word (Hornby,
1998: 606).
c.
Students error is mistake suggests
that one misunderstand something and does not mean to do wrong (Meriam –webster
,2007)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Brown, H. D.
(2007) Principles of Language Learning
and Teaching (5th Edition); Longman.
Arikunto, S. (2002) Procedures Pendleton Suatu Pendekatan Praktek.Edisi Revisi Jakarta;
PT Rineka Cipta.
Sugiyono. (2013)
Memahami Penelitian Kualintatif: Alfabeta.
McMillan and Schumacher. (1997) Research in Education: Longman.
Gay, L.R.. (1992) Educational Research Competences for Analysis and Application.
New York Oxford Singapore Sydney.
Hornby, AS. (1998) Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary.
USA: Oxford University Press.
Nunan, D. And Bailey, K.M. (2009)
Exploring Second Language Classroom Research. Sherrise Roehr.
Stainback, Susan &
William. (1998) Understanding And Conducting Qualitive
Research: Council Exceptional Children.
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